Positive Energy
Design Around People. A Good Building Follows.

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Posts in Architectural Design
A Path for California Architects to Easily Achieve Title 24 and Achieve Beyond-Code Performance
A Path for California Architects to Easily Achieve Title 24 and Achieve Beyond-Code Performance

California has long been at the forefront of energy efficiency in the United States compared to its 49 counterparts, with its pioneering Building Energy Efficiency Standards, commonly known as Title 24, Part 6, first adopted in 1976. These standards are not static. They undergo rigorous updates every three years, serving as a dynamic benchmark for building energy performance and a critical mechanism for reducing greenhouse gas emissions during construction and operation. This continuous evolution is a deliberate policy strategy by the California Energy Commission (CEC) to systematically integrate the latest energy-saving technologies and construction practices into the built environment.

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Architectural Design, Building Enclosure, Building Science, Code, Electrification, Embodied Carbon, Heat Pumps, High Performance Homes, HVAC, Mechanical Design, Off-grid, Passive House, Phius, Solar, Wildfire, Title 24Positive EnergyTitle 24, Building Energy Efficiency Standards, California Energy Commission (CEC), net-zero buildings, decarbonization targets, 2022 Energy Code, energy reduction, building science principles, MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) engineering, Title 24 compliance, beyond-code performance, Heat Pumps, Electric-Ready Requirements, Solar PV, Battery Storage, Ventilation Standards, 2025 Title 24 updates, demand flexibility, time-dependent valuation (TDV), mandatory measures, prescriptive approach, performance approach, Energy Design Ratings (EDR), EnergyPro, CBECC, EnergyPlus, climate zones, prescriptive requirements, insulation, fenestration, air sealing, moisture management, Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems, grid-interactive homes, high-efficiency HVAC systems, smart controls, Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs), Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRVs), water heating, LED lighting, Phius, passive building standard, net-zero building, quality assurance, continuous insulation, thermal bridge-free design, airtightness, high-performance windows and doors, balanced ventilation, passive solar design, internal heat gains, Phius CORE, Phius ZERO, Integrated Design Process (IDP), labor and expertise gaps, permitting and regulatory hurdles, contractor resistance, building science consulting, energy modeling, MEP system design, Code Compliance, Risk Management.
The Collaborative Legacy of Lake|Flato Architects and Positive Energy
The Collaborative Legacy of Lake|Flato Architects and Positive Energy

The landscape of contemporary architecture is increasingly defined by the synergy between visionary design and rigorous building science. At the forefront of this evolution stands the enduring partnership between San Antonio based Lake|Flato Architects, renowned for their distinctive, context-responsive designs, and Positive Energy, an Austin, TX-based residential MEP engineering and building science firm. For over a decade, our collaboration has consistently yielded award-winning projects, particularly within the challenging environmental contexts of the Texas Hill Country and beyond. This blog post explores how our integrated approach to design has not only created beautiful and award winning architecture, but also offers invaluable lessons for the broader architectural community.

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Architectural Design, Architecture 2030, Building Enclosure, Building Science, Environmental Design, Healthy Home, HVAC, Indoor Air Quality, Mechanical Design, MEP2040, Natural Building Material, Off-grid, Solar, VentilationPositive EnergyLake|Flato Architects, Positive Energy, collaborative legacy, building science, human-centered design, healthy spaces, comfortable spaces, resilient spaces, residential MEP engineering, environmental conservation, resource conservation, energy efficiency, carbon reduction, integrated design, architectural vision, engineering expertise, human well-being, Marfa Ranch, rammed earth, thermal mass, passive heating, passive cooling, moisture management, award-winning projects, The Prow, off-grid resilience, net-zero energy, photovoltaic array, battery storage, solar thermal collectors, rainwater harvesting, energy modeling, window-to-wall ratio, insulation levels, Verde Creek Ranch, solar array, Tesla batteries, energy independence, Confluence Park, sustainable design, biomimicry, green roof, urban regeneration, Madrone Mesa Ranch, Fall Creek Residence, River Bend Residence, Hog Pen Creek Residence, sustainable architecture
Award-Winning Architecture with Alterstudio and Positive Energy
Award-Winning Architecture with Alterstudio and Positive Energy

The architectural landscape in Austin, Texas, has been profoundly shaped by a unique and enduring partnership between Alterstudio Architects, a firm celebrated for its deep commitment to the design process and exceptional residential projects, and Positive Energy, a pioneering residential MEP engineering and building science firm. This collaboration has consistently pushed the boundaries of conventional design and construction, resulting in stunning pieces of residential architecture that are not only aesthetically remarkable but also embody comfort, health, and inspiration.1 Their combined expertise has been instrumental in translating architectural vision into tangible, high-performance spaces.

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Architectural Design, Architecture 2030, Building Enclosure, Building Science, Dehumidification, Healthy Home, HVAC, Indoor Air Quality, Mechanical DesignPositive EnergyAlterstudio Architects, Positive Energy, Architectural Partnership, Residential MEP Engineering, Building Science, Integrated Design, Awards, Publications, Ernesto Cragnolino, HVAC Systems, Custom Residential Architecture, Thermal Performance, Solar Heat Gain, Structural Integrity, HVAC System Design, High-Performance Glazing, Air Sealing, Insulation, Highland Park Residence, West Campus Residence, Falcon Ledge Residence, Constant Springs Residence, Tumbleweed Residence, Tarrytown Residence, Building Envelope, Control Layers, Wetting and Drying, Airtightness, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Ventilation, Filtration, Humidity Control
Positive Energy's Education and Advocacy Efforts
Positive Energy's Education and Advocacy Efforts

Our comprehensive approach to MEP engineering and building science consulting is deeply rooted in a strategic vision that extends far beyond individual project delivery. Our commitment to the idea of "Healthy people, healthy planet” is unwavering. It is not just a statement, but a guiding principle that permeates our extensive education and advocacy efforts. Through the firm’s Building Science Blog and The Building Science Podcast, we aim to actively cultivate knowledge everywhere we can, demystifying complex technical concepts like indoor air quality and intricate wall assembly dynamics for architects and the broader industry. This accessible knowledge transfer empowers architects to confidently integrate advanced building science into their designs, mitigating risks and ensuring the long-term performance and durability of their projects.

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Architectural Design, Building Science, Code, Electrification, Embodied Carbon, Healthy Home, High Performance Homes, Passive House, Phius, Natural Building Material, Mechanical Design, MEP2040, Indoor Air Quality, HVAC, Heat PumpsPositive EnergyPositive Energy, MEP engineering, building science, high-end residential architecture, healthy spaces, comfortable spaces, resilient spaces, human-centered design, MEP design/engineering, custom home market, mission, conditioned space, employee well-being, project partner relationships, "Healthy people, healthy planet" vision, collaboration, architects, contractors, owner representatives, lived experience of architecture, indoor space upgrade, mission-focused engineering, healthier indoor environments, electrification, fossil fuel solutions, education, advocacy, market development, high-performance buildings, AEC industry, building science blog, Building Science Podcast, technical information, continual learning, educational content, blog posts, building resilience, energy systems, building enclosures, indoor air quality, moisture dynamics, wall assemblies, ventilation strategies, sealed attics, dehumidification, roof assemblies, "ping pong water, " indoor air pollution, IAQ code, fossil gas appliance emissions, electrification of domestic hot water, hydronic systems, natural building materials, biophilic design, net-zero energy, carbon footprints, risk mitigation, podcast, Kristof Irwin, M. Walker, philosophical aspects of building science, ethics, aesthetics, systemic aspects of building science, high-energy physics, custom builder, AIA BEC, AIA COTE, human factors, integrating ethics and aesthetics, risk management in AEC, bioclimatic design, system thinking, industry transformation, technical solutions, IAQ and materials, material supply chains, philosophical society, critical thinking, speaking engagements, Architectural Paradigms and Adaptation, Building Science 2.0, Facades+, PhiusCon, Passive House, BS + Beer, battery capacity sizing, ASHRAE, AIA Austin Design Excellence Conference, Science and Storytelling, Code Change, ATX Building Performance Conference, True Sustainability and Regeneration, Healthy Buildings, Earthen Construction, Gulf Coast Green, International Builder Show, Testing Protocols, University Guest Lectures, Earthen Architecture, Systems-Thinking Lens, Cooling, Passive House in Emerging Markets, Climate Change, Building Envelope, Refrigeration Cycle, Mechanical Systems, Air as Material, Psychrometrics, Ventilation, Organization & Committee Memberships, ASHRAE TC-2.1, ASHRAE SSPC-55, ASHRAE SSPC-62.2, MEP2040, RESNET, AIA Austin's Building Enclosure Council, AIA Austin's Committee On The Environment, Phius Alliance Austin, Humid Climate Conference, Phius Alliance, BS + Beer Northwest Arkansas, Habitat for Humanity, Industry Publications, Fine Homebuilding Magazine, Journal of Light Construction, Radiant Cooling.
Feldman Architecture and Positive Energy Forge a Path to World Class Architecture 
Feldman Architecture and Positive Energy Forge a Path to World Class Architecture 

Feldman Architecture is a distinguished firm based in San Francisco and widely recognized for their creation of warm, light-filled spaces characterized by an understated modern aesthetic. Beyond the visual appeal of their designs, Feldman Architecture is driven by a profound commitment to addressing complex problems through design, aiming to significantly enhance human interaction with the built environment and the planet. This ethos finds a powerful complement in our work here at Positive Energy. We are a specialty MEP engineering and building science firm from Austin, TX, and share with our partners at Feldman Architecture a foundational mission to transform the delivery of conditioned space to society. 

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Architectural Design, Building Science, Electrification, Environmental Design, Healthy Home, High Performance Homes, Indoor Air Quality, Mechanical Design, Natural Building Material, Solar, Wildfire, Embodied Carbon, MEP2040, Architecture 2030Positive EnergyFeldman Architecture, Positive Energy, Santa Lucia Preserve, MEP Design Engineering, Title 24 consulting, sustainable design, architectural excellence, ethical design, building science, Living Building Challenge (LBC), Carbon Budget initiative, high-performance design, regenerative principles, technical expertise, aesthetic expression, contextual design, MEP2040 Challenge, carbon reduction, operational carbon, embodied carbon, electrification, building physics, design decisions, performance metrics, code compliance, aesthetics, emotional resonance, material selection, concrete, structural steel, aluminum, spray foam insulation, mass timber, wood doors and windows, locally sourced stone, low-carbon CMU, Red List avoidance, Curveball project, Fog's Edge project, Cloud's Rest project, Stone's Throw project, Modern Craft project, radical candor, intergenerational transfer of ethos, Climate Studio, Tally, energy modeling, daylighting, photovoltaic (PV) systems, AIA California Climate Action Committees, reach codes, advocacy, talent attraction, job turnover, collaboration, specialized consultants, ecosystem, jazz improvisation, role of architect, design constraints, 2030 Challenge, industry standards, business benefits of sustainability, "role power", human well-being, mental health.
A Building Science Dive into the Hill Country Wine Cave
A Building Science Dive into the Hill Country Wine Cave

The Hill Country Wine Cave, a distinctive architectural endeavor by Clayton Korte Architects, is intricately integrated into the natural landscape of the Texas Hill Country. This private subterranean structure is carved into the north face of a solid limestone hillside, designed to nearly vanish into its surroundings. Completed in 2020, the 1,405 square meter facility encompasses a tasting lounge, a bar, a restroom, and a dedicated wine cellar capable of storing approximately 4,000 bottles.

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Wine Storage, Mechanical Design, Indoor Air Quality, HVAC, Heat Pumps, Architectural DesignPositive EnergyHill Country Wine Cave, Clayton Korte Architects, subterranean architecture, Texas Hill Country, wine cellar, tasting lounge, bar, restroom, limestone hillside, excavated tunnel, board-formed concrete portal, white oak, Douglas fir, shotcrete-lined walls, steel and wood windows, building science, thermal stability, moisture intrusion, MEP engineering, Positive Energy, high-end residential architecture, human-centered design, Kristof Irwin, heat, air, moisture flow, thermal performance, moisture control, earth's thermal buffer, subsurface temperatures, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES), Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES), passive thermal control, high-efficiency mechanical systems, temperature delta, above-grade environments, temperature fluctuation, energy demand, thermal mass effect, external environmental influence, "ship in a bottle" enclosure strategy, 3D scan, waterproof environment, drainage, water entry, moisture accumulation, sweating, moisture ingress, rainwater, groundwater, air transport, vapor diffusion, Building Science Corporation (BSC), Phius, RDH, source control, dampproofing, waterproofing, control layers, Water Resistive Barrier (WRB), air barrier, vapor retarder/barrier, drainage plane/cavity, rainscreen system, continuous insulation, SEER, HSPF heat pump, Goldilocks scenario, cooling, dehumidification, ASHRAE guidelines, indoor air quality (IAQ), humidity control, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), wine preservation, corks, off-gassing, ventilation, filtration, ASHRAE Standards 62.1, ASHRAE Standards 62.2, system thinking, high-performance design, collaborative design
The Theresa Passive House: A Blueprint for High-Performance Design in Hot-Humid Climates
The Theresa Passive House: A Blueprint for High-Performance Design in Hot-Humid Climates

The Theresa Passive House, nestled in Austin's historic Clarksville neighborhood, stands as a remarkable example of how architectural preservation can harmoniously merge with modern sustainable design. This 2100 square foot residence, completed in 2020, is not merely a renovation and addition to a 1914 Craftsman bungalow; it is a meticulously engineered dwelling that embodies rigorous targets in energy efficiency, indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal comfort, embodied carbon, and responsible materials sourcing.[1] These ambitious goals were established by the Passive House Institute U.S. (Phius), a leading authority in high-performance building standards.

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Architectural Design, Building Enclosure, Building Science, Code, Dehumidification, Electrification, Environmental Design, Filtration, Healthy Home, Heat Pumps, High Performance Homes, HVAC, Indoor Air Quality, Mechanical Design, Passive House, Phius, Solar, VentilationPositive EnergyTheresa Passive House, high-performance design, hot-humid climates, residential performance, sustainable design, architectural preservation, energy efficiency, indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal comfort, embodied carbon, responsible materials sourcing, Passive House Institute U.S. (Phius), Phius certification, PHIUS 2018+ Source Zero, ASHRAE Climate Zone 2A, photovoltaic panels, battery backup systems, self-sufficiency, resilience, Forge Craft Architecture + Design, Hugh Jefferson Randolph Architects, Studio Ferme, integrated design process, building envelope, HVAC system, on-site solar panels, MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) engineering, Positive Energy, building science, human-centered design, net-zero energy buildings, heating loads, cooling loads, source energy, airtightness, energy modeling, continuous insulation, thermal bridges, air changes per hour (ACH@50 Pa), air leakage, Blower Door Test, high-performance windows, triple-glazing, low-emissivity (low-e) coatings, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), balanced ventilation, Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs), dedicated dehumidification, right-sizing mechanical systems, comfort, health, durability, passive survivability, Winter Storm Uri, University of Texas research, climate-specific standards, moisture management, key performance metrics, site energy use index (EUI), renewable energy production, wall assemblies, water control layer, air control layer, thermal control layer, vapor control layer, wood frame system, mineral wool insulation, unvented roof, Marvin windows, indoor pollutants, combustion products, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM2.5), ASHRAE Standard 62.2, ventilation rates, Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) heat pump AC, Panasonic Intellibalance 1000 ERV, MERV filtration, heat pump hot water heater, climate resilience, extreme weather events, grid outages, source zero certification, community education, AIA Housing Award, Passive Project of the Year – Retrofit, Austin Green Awards, affordable multifamily housing, building envelope prioritization, mechanical ventilation with energy recovery (ERV) implementation, MEP systems integration, advanced air filtration, MERV ratings, active energy independence, photovoltaics, battery storage, MEP engineer collaboration, climate-specific MEP solutions, commissioning agent
Marfa Ranch
Marfa Ranch

The Marfa Ranch is a distinguished residential project by Lake Flato Architects, is thoughtfully situated on a low rise within the expansive, pristine desert grasslands of Marfa, Texas. This unique location, nestled between the Chihuahuan Desert and the majestic Davis Mountains, presents a challenging yet profoundly beautiful environment. The architectural design of the ranch consciously adopts a low profile, comprising eight distinct structures meticulously organized around a central courtyard. This layout, shaded by native mesquite trees, serves as a cool respite from the sun-drenched desert beyond its walls, drawing inspiration from the area's earliest regional architectural traditions. Architect Bob Harris of Lake Flato articulated that the design embodies a "deliberate quality of spareness that matches the qualities of the land," emphasizing the importance of the house maintaining a low profile to merge seamlessly with the terrain while simultaneously opening to distant views and providing crucial protection from the region's harsh winds and intense sun. This project has garnered significant recognition, including the 2022 Texas Society of Architects Design Award and its inclusion in Dezeen's Top 10 Houses of 2022.

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Architectural Design, Building Enclosure, Building Science, Environmental Design, Healthy Home, High Performance Homes, HVAC, Indoor Air Quality, Mechanical Design, Natural Building Material, VentilationPositive EnergyMarfa Ranch architecture, applied building science, Chihuahuan Desert environment, Lake Flato Architects, residential project design, courtyard layout, regional architectural traditions, low profile design, Bob Harris (Lake Flato), spareness of design, Texas Society of Architects Design Award, Dezeen Top 10 Houses of 2022, climate-responsive architecture, vernacular architecture, thermal mass, passive cooling, rammed earth walls, modern building science, MEP engineering, building envelope consultants, Positive Energy (MEP firm), human-centered design, healthy spaces, comfortable spaces, resilient spaces, building envelope, MEP systems, integrated design approach, thermal mass definition, specific heat capacity, diurnal temperature ranges, thermal lag, R-value, moisture resilience, Portland cement stabilization, compressive strength, longevity of rammed earth, hydrophobic additives, drainage, slab edge, moisture management, thermal conductivity, moisture content, hygric buffering, density of rammed earth, thermal lag hours, compressive strength of rammed earth, lifespan of rammed earth, R-value of insulated rammed earth, rammed earth wall performance attributes, air barrier, air pressure differences, energy loss prevention, moisture issues prevention, interstitial condensation, indoor air quality, controlled ventilation, mechanical ventilation, Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs), Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) definition, IAQ impacts on health, IAQ pollutants (particulate matter, VOCs, combustion byproducts), ASHRAE standards, green-certified buildings, cognitive function, passive building strategies, ventilation strategies, filtration strategies, humidity control strategies, source control strategies, MERV rating, whole-house fresh air systems, local exhaust systems, humidity range, low-VOC materials, combustion safety, holistic MEP design, hydronic heating system, VRF heating/cooling system, resilient design, sustainable water management, water scarcity, groundwater contamination, water conservation, greywater capture, onsite water storage, adaptive reuse (water tank to pool), rainwater collection, building science principles, durable wall assemblies, Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) for IAQ, early collaboration between architects and engineers, healthier buildings, resilient buildings, positive Energy's mission, Kristof Irwin
The 5 Principles of a Healthy Home
The 5 Principles of a Healthy Home

This blog post will present a foundational framework for architectural practice, emphasizing the profound impact of building design decisions on human health and well-being. Moving beyond conventional priorities of aesthetics and initial construction costs, which are unfortunately all too common and mundane in our modern era, this post introduces and explores "5 Principles of a Healthy Home." These principles offer a holistic approach to achieving superior indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and long-term building durability. By understanding and integrating these foundational building science concepts, architects are empowered to design spaces that actively promote the health, cognitive function, and restorative sleep of occupants, thereby elevating their role to advocates for human thriving.

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Architectural Design, Building Enclosure, Building Science, Dehumidification, Filtration, Healthy Home, High Performance Homes, HVAC, Indoor Air Quality, Mechanical Design, VentilationPositive EnergyBuilding design and human health, indoor environmental quality (IEQ), principles of a healthy home, architects as advocates for human thriving, aesthetics vs. first cost in construction, indoor air quality, structural resilience, occupant well-being, human thriving, time spent indoors, invisible threats in indoor environments, particles, gas-phase pollutants, bioaerosols, physiological functions, cognitive functions, epigenetic changes, prenatal gene regulation, indoor air pollutants and gene expression, impact of air quality on cognitive abilities, decision-making, CO2 levels and cognitive performance, impact of air quality on sleep, particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, sleep disturbances, building enclosure, moisture transport, water management, deflect, drain, dry principles, water-resistive barrier (WRB), flashing details, air barrier, insulation layer, vapor barrier, air leakage, air movement and water vapor transport, material selection and indoor air quality, toxic air pollutants, flame retardants, formaldehyde, chromated copper arsenate (CCA), lead, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), phthalates, dioxins, isocyanates, crystalline silica, air distribution system, flex duct, duct board, fluid dynamics, metal ductwork, air mixing, pollutant removal, indoor pollutants: particles, gases, particulate matter (PM), PM2.5, PM10, ultrafine particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), bioaerosols: bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungal spores, archaea, dust mites, active sources of indoor pollutants, cooking, showering, indoor combustion, air fresheners, personal care products, passive emissions, plasticizers, perfluorinated chemicals (PFAS), antimicrobials, six classes of harmful chemicals, dust as a pollutant reservoir, ventilation vs. air leakage, exhausting pollutants, supplying fresh air, ASHRAE Standard 62.1, ASHRAE 62.2, local exhaust: kitchen and bathroom, range hood, CFM (cubic feet per minute), whole-building fresh air, heat recovery ventilators (HRVs), energy recovery ventilators (ERVs), humidity control, excess moisture, mold growth, dimensional instability, VOC emissions, damp environments and health impacts, respiratory issues, 40-60% RH range, energy codes and latent loads, dehumidification needs, vapor compression dehumidifiers, desiccant dehumidifiers, particulate matter filtration, MERV ratings, HEPA filters, active air cleaning technologies, ozone, mechanical filtration.
The Resurgence of Natural Building Materials in High-End Homes: A Building Science Perspective for Architects
The Resurgence of Natural Building Materials in High-End Homes: A Building Science Perspective for Architects

The landscape of luxury residential architecture is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by an escalating demand for homes that embody both sophisticated elegance and profound environmental responsibility. This evolution is particularly evident in the growing emphasis on sustainable practices, personalization, and a deep, intrinsic connection to the natural world. By the end of this decade, it is anticipated that high-end homes will prominently feature biophilic design principles, seamlessly integrating elements such as optimized natural light, lush indoor gardens, and fluid indoor-outdoor living spaces. This is not merely a passing aesthetic trend but a fundamental redefinition of luxury, where well-being and ecological stewardship are as valued as opulence and exclusivity.

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Natural Building Material, Indoor Air Quality, High Performance Homes, Healthy Home, Environmental Design, Code, Building Science, Building Enclosure, Architectural DesignPositive Energyluxury residential architecture, sustainable practices, personalization, environmental responsibility, biophilic design, natural light, indoor gardens, indoor-outdoor living spaces, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement, net-zero energy buildings, carbon footprint, eco-friendly building materials, passive design strategies, smart home technologies, personalized climate control, AI-driven systems, sustainable materials, natural building materials, renewable resources, low carbon footprints, recyclability, biodegradability, greenhouse gas emissions, construction waste, energy efficiency, insulation, thermal properties, indoor air quality (IAQ), low-VOC compositions, breathability, durability, organic aesthetic appeal, wellness strategy, building science, building envelopes, moisture management, bulk water, vapor diffusion, air-transported moisture, deflection, drainage, drying, vapor pressure, vapor permeability, dew point, hygroscopic materials, hydrophilic materials, hydrophobic materials, capillarity, hygric buffering, vapor retarders, vapor barriers, cold climates, hot and humid climates, mixed climates, thermal performance, R-value, thermal mass, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, density, specific heat capacity, thermal inertia, air movement, natural ventilation, wind-driven ventilation, stack effect, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), off-gassing, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, earthen homes, adobe, compressed earth block (CEB), rammed earth, compressive strength, seismic considerations, reinforcement techniques, foundations, moisture barriers, wall protection, code acceptance, hemp-based materials, hempcrete, hemp batt insulation, carbon sink, hemp hurds, lime-based binder, fire resistance, char layer formation, VOC neutralization, structural frame, shear strength, Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT), engineered wood, CNC technologies, load-bearing capabilities, strength-to-weight ratio, acoustic properties, sound absorption, floating floors, charring effect, fire ratings, prefabrication, climate-specific design, structural engineers, building science consultants, skilled professionals.
The Case for Dedicated Dehumidification In Sealed Attics
The Case for Dedicated Dehumidification In Sealed Attics

Modern building design increasingly embraces sealed attic construction as a strategy to enhance energy efficiency and improve air leakage control, particularly beneficial for the performance of HVAC ductwork. This approach, where the attic space is brought within the building's thermal and air control envelope, fundamentally alters the moisture dynamics compared to traditional vented attics. While offering significant advantages, sealed attics introduce unique moisture challenges that demand precise and active management to prevent long-term durability issues and maintain superior indoor air quality.

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Building Science, Architectural Design, Building Enclosure, Dehumidification, Healthy Home, Filtration, High Performance Homes, HVAC, Indoor Air Quality, Mechanical DesignPositive EnergySealed attics, dedicated dehumidification, moisture control, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, HVAC systems, air leakage, building durability, condensation risks, mold growth, air barrier, thermal barrier, insulation, roof deck temperature, building codes (IRC), ASHRAE standards, unconditioned attics, conditioned attics, psychrometrics, vapor control, duct performance, latent load, sensible load, building science principles, dew point, hygric buffering, controlled ventilation, air sealing, maintenance issues, cross-contamination, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pests, allergens, duct leakage, system strain, pressure balancing, wood framing, sheathing, building envelope, resilience, sustainability, dehumidifier sizing, condensate management, building science experts, MEP engineering.
Understanding "Ping Pong Water" and Navigating Attic Moisture Dynamics in Modern Roof Assemblies
Understanding "Ping Pong Water" and Navigating Attic Moisture Dynamics in Modern Roof Assemblies

The design of residential attics has undergone a significant transformation. Conventionally, attics were vented spaces with thermal insulation placed on the attic floor, separating the unconditioned attic from the conditioned living space below. However, contemporary building practices increasingly favor unvented, or "conditioned," attics where insulation is applied directly to the underside of the roof deck.[1] This shift is driven by several factors, including the desire to bring HVAC equipment and ductwork within the building's thermal and air barrier envelope to improve system efficiency and longevity, enhance overall building airtightness for energy savings, and create potentially usable conditioned or semi-conditioned space within the attic volume.[3]

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Building Enclosure, Building Science, Dehumidification, HVAC, High Performance Homes, Healthy Home, Code, Architectural DesignPositive Energy"Ping Pong Water" phenomenon, attic moisture dynamics, modern roof assemblies, unvented attics, conditioned attics, moisture control challenges, roof sheathing moisture, attic ventilation, airtightness, energy efficiency, solar radiation, thermal buoyancy, hygric buoyancy, OSB hygroscopicity, chemical potential of wood, sorption isotherms, hysteresis, OSB and mold susceptibility, roof assembly durability risks, sheathing degradation, rot, corrosion of metal components, "bound water, " climate zone dependence, spray polyurethane foam (SPF), open-cell SPF (ocSPF), closed-cell SPF (ccSPF), vapor permeability, air barrier qualities, water barrier, code requirements, active attic conditioning, supply air strategies, return air strategies, dedicated dehumidification, exterior insulation, vapor diffusion ridge vents, fibrous insulation assemblies, cellulose, fiberglass, mineral wool, air tightness, vapor control layer, hybrid insulation systems, architect design considerations, building science principles, interior humidity management, material compatibility, constructability, quality control, building codes, hygrothermal modeling, risk management, lifecycle costs.
Designing Healthier Homes by Eliminating Fossil Gas Appliance Emissions
Designing Healthier Homes by Eliminating Fossil Gas Appliance Emissions

Architects, as the primary designers of our built environment, hold a profoundly influential position in shaping the health and well-being of building occupants. Beyond the critical considerations of aesthetics, structural integrity, and energy performance, a deep understanding of the invisible forces at play within a building's envelope is increasingly paramount. This report aims to equip architects with the essential knowledge to proactively design for superior indoor air quality (IAQ), particularly concerning emissions from common household gas appliances. The decisions made during the design phase, from material selection to mechanical system integration, directly influence the indoor environment and, by extension, the health outcomes of those who inhabit these spaces. This effectively positions architects as critical guardians of public well-being within the built space, expanding their traditional role to encompass a vital public health responsibility.

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Indoor Air Quality, HVAC, Electrification, Architectural Design, Building Enclosure, Code, Filtration, Healthy Home, High Performance Homes, VentilationPositive EnergyDesigning healthier homes, eliminating fossil gas appliance emissions, indoor environmental quality, architect's role, indoor air quality, gas appliances impact on home health, combustion byproducts, hazardous air pollutants, synthesizing scientific findings, actionable strategies for architectural practice, pollutants emitted by gas appliances, health effects, design and engineering solutions, fundamentals of indoor air quality, source control, ventilation, filtration, temperature and relative humidity levels, building as a dynamic system, geographic site, local climate, physical structure, HVAC, construction techniques, contaminant sources, occupants' activities and behaviors, air exchange pathways, mechanical ventilation systems, infiltration, air pressure differences, building envelope, "Building Tight, Ventilate Right" imperative, energy consumption, pollutant concentration, energy efficiency, ventilation strategies, indoor air pollutants exceed outdoor levels, internal pollutant sources, "concentration trap", managing and removing internal contaminants, key pollutants from gas appliances, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, moisture, respiratory irritation, asthma exacerbation, infection risk, decreased lung function, fatigue, chest pain, impaired vision, headaches, dizziness, confusion, nausea, DNA damage, mortality, transmission of airborne pathogens, organ damage, allergic reactions, cancer, dampness, mold growth, electric coil burners, high-dose exposure, pulmonary edema, diffuse lung injury, bronchitis, ambient air quality standards, carboxyhemoglobin, unvented gas space heaters, gas stoves, back-drafting, angia, poor ventilation, ultrafine particles, respirable particulate matter, cooking emissions, airborne particles, pathogens, respiratory aerosols, formaldehyde, benzene, unburned natural gas leakage, environmental tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust, sensory irritation, carcinogens, moisture load, human respiration and perspiration, bathing, washing, plants, pets, appliance selection, all-electric homes, electronic ignitions, proper appliance installation and maintenance, ducted range hoods, capture efficiency, airflow requirements, multi-family homes, whole-house ventilation strategies, tighter building envelopes, backdrafting risks, make-up air systems, targeted spot exhaust, bathroom fan, high-efficiency filtration, MERV-13, infectious aerosol exposure, cost-benefit analysis, air cleaning, indoor particle concentrations, semivolatile organic compounds, monitoring and alarms, carbon monoxide alarms, advanced IAQ monitors, PM2.5 sources, collaboration with MEP engineers, certified technicians, health impacts, continuous leakage, moisture byproduct, all-electric transition, building a healthier future, works cited, RMI, ASHRAE, EPA, LBNL, ventilation and air cleaning, envelope leakage, hazardous air pollutant emissions, residential ventilation requirements.
Navigating the HVAC Refrigerant Transition and the Promise of Hydronic Systems for Future-Ready Architecture
Navigating the HVAC Refrigerant Transition and the Promise of Hydronic Systems for Future-Ready Architecture

The global heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industry is undergoing a significant transformation driven by the phasedown of high-Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, primarily Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). This shift, mandated by international agreements like the Kigali Amendment and domestic legislation such as the U.S. American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act, presents both substantial challenges and unique opportunities for the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry.

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Heat Pumps, HVAC, High Performance Homes, Indoor Air Quality, Electrification, Building Enclosure, Architectural Design, CodePositive EnergyHVAC refrigerant transition, high-Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Kigali Amendment, U.S. American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act, supply chain disruptions, refrigerant costs, technical training, mildly flammable refrigerants, hydronic systems, air-to-water heat pumps, ground source heat pumps, water as heat transfer medium, building performance, global HVAC refrigerant landscape, Montreal Protocol, ozone-depleting substances (ODS), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), HFC phasedown, U.S. ratification of Kigali Amendment, HFC consumption reduction, global warming mitigation, low-GWP technologies, HFC Allocation Program, Allocation Framework Rule, GWP limit of 700, R-410A systems, refrigerant leak detection, refrigerant reuse, reclaimed and recycled HFCs, leak repair, recordkeeping, reporting, labeling, automatic leak detection (ALD) systems, reclaimed HFCs for servicing, cost of compliance, A2L-class refrigerants, R-454B, R-32, refrigerant flammability, safety protocols, certified HVAC technicians, ACCA A2L training, ASHRAE Standards, UL Safety Standards, refrigerant types comparison, R-22, R-290 (Propane), R-744 (CO2), R-717 (Ammonia), AEC industry challenges, project timelines, supply chain constraints, refrigerant shortages, material scarcity, A2L safety training, regulatory compliance and enforcement, EPA regulations, state-level regulations, equipment availability and compatibility, refrigerant recovery machines, hydronic system types, radiant systems, baseboard heating, chilled beam systems, snow melt systems, AWHPs principles, AWHPs benefits, GSHPs principles, GSHPs advantages, ground loop, ground temperature stability, GSHP design considerations, GSHP energy savings, Investment Tax Credit (ITC), Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), technology neutral homes, renewable electricity sources, building envelope performance, HVAC system sizing, thermal insulation, high-performance glazing, air leakage, whole building design, commissioning, thermal performance, airtightness, passive building principles, Phius (Passive House Institute US), continuous insulation, thermal bridging, condensation prevention, super-insulation, minimal space conditioning system, moisture management, dew point temperature, latent loads, dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), dehumidification, smart controls, material selection for radiant cooling, wall design for hydronics, floor design for hydronics, ceiling design for hydronics, building physics, heat transfer processes, moisture dynamics, indoor air quality, economic benefits of hydronic systems, operational cost reductions, energy efficiency, high-efficiency circulator, VRF system comparison, DX unit comparison, water source heat pumps, lifespan of hydronic systems, maintenance costs, environmental impact of hydronics, decarbonization, solar thermal, geothermal energy, strategic design for sustainable HVAC.
The Campsite at Shield Ranch
The Campsite at Shield Ranch

The Campsite at Shield Ranch was designed by our friends at Andersson / Wise. It is a 100% off-grid community designed to engage and celebrate the natural context of the ecologically diverse 6800-acre hill country sanctuary where it sits. The camp features an open-air pavilion, screened shelters, and miles of hiking trails just 22 miles from downtown Austin. Positive Energy was hired to perform MEP engineering, solar design and engineering, and Resilient Systems consulting. The Resilient Systems we master planned for the program include a 64kW architecturally integrated solar array, a 200kWh (100kW peak power capacity) backup battery array, a 60kW emergency propane genset, and we consulted with another rainwater system engineer a couple of 60k gallon rainwater collection tanks for occupancy use with TECQ compliant filtration for public consumption (as well as necessary rainwater storage for fire suppression).

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Architectural Design, Building Enclosure, Building Science, Electrification, Environmental Design, HVAC, Mechanical Design, Natural Building Material, Off-grid, Solar, Batteries, GeneratorPositive EnergyShield Ranch, Off-Grid Campsite, Sustainable Development, Microgrid, Solar PV System, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Propane Generator, Rainwater Harvesting, Water Conservation, Evaporative Toilets, Wastewater Management, SITES Gold Certification, Conservation Easements, Barton Creek Watershed, Ecological Protection, Vegetation and Soil Protection Zones, Topsoil Reuse, Native Plant Restoration, Light Pollution, Dark Sky Designation, Quiet Place Designation, Climate Change Resilience, MEP Engineering, On-Site Power Engineer, Building Science, Human-Centered Design, Energy Systems Consulting, Solar Design, Battery Array Design, Generator Integration, Regulatory Breakthroughs, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), Travis County, Off-Grid Living, Resilient Spaces, Self-Sufficiency, Integrated Design, Collaborative Engineering.
Environmental Design: Where Art & Science Intersect
Environmental Design: Where Art & Science Intersect

Architectural design exists at the confluence of creativity and data, an intellectual space that presents hard problems to solve. What may be the best path to a high performing building may fall completely flat in the realm of inspiration. The inverse is also true — what may be an incredible feat of creative potential in form may completely lack necessary function. So how do we successfully reconcile the age old question of form and function to create beautiful, uplifting spaces that also perform across a range of metrics that benefit occupant and planet? Enter environmental design.

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Building Enclosure, Architectural Design, High Performance Homes, Environmental DesignPositive EnergyEnvironmental Design, Architectural Design, Thermal Performance, Daylight Autonomy, Solar Insolation, Window Selection, Building Performance